Data Sources & Attribution

Last updated: July 23, 2026

Juniper aggregates data from multiple public and open-source datasets to provide comprehensive neighborhood-level insights across the United States. Below is a complete list of data sources, their providers, licenses, and attribution requirements.

U.S. Census Bureau — American Community Survey (ACS)

Public DomainDemographicsEconomicsHousing

5-year estimates providing demographic, economic, social, and housing data at multiple geographic levels (state, county, census tract, ZCTA).

Data Vintage:: Census ACS 2020–2024 (5-year) · Census ACS 2019→2024 · Census ACS 2020–2024, re-timed to FHFA HPI 2025
License:: Public domain (U.S. government work)
Metrics:: Total Population, Median Age, Population Density, Median Income, Median Rent, Vacancy Rate, Unemployment Rate, Owner Occupied %, Income Growth (5 yr), Population Growth (5 yr), Change in College-Educated Share, Price vs Annual Rent, Single Family Detached Houses, Single Family Attached Houses, 2-Unit Buildings %, 3-4 Unit Buildings %, 5-9 Unit Buildings %, 10-19 Unit Buildings %, 20-49 Unit Buildings %, 50+ Unit Buildings %, Homes Built Before 1940, Renters Spending 30%+ of Income, Families w/ Kids %, Remote Work %, Commutes 30+ Minutes, Family Households %, Families w/ Kids <5 %, Owner/Renter Income Ratio, Labor Force Participation %, Renter Occupied %, Owners w/ Mortgage %, Bachelor's Degree+ %, Same House (1 yr), Married Adults %, Young Adults 25-44 %, Property Tax Rate, Rent-to-Price Ratio, Home Price vs Income, Rent as % of Income, Median Property Tax, Typical Home Value, Monthly Cost with a Mortgage, Kids Under 18 %, Kids Under 5 %, Broadband %, Rent vs HUD Benchmark, Change in Adults 25–44, Change in Family Households, Amenity Proximity, Daily Needs Met, Healthcare Access, Income <$10k %, Income $10-15k %, Income $15-25k %, Income $25-35k %, Income $35-50k %, Income $50-75k %, Income $75-100k %, Income $100-150k %, Income $150-200k %, Income $200k+ %, Less than HS %, HS Graduate %, Some College %, Associate's %, Bachelor's %, Master's %, Professional Degree %, Doctorate %, Built 2020+ %, Built 2010-19 %, Built 2000-09 %, Built 1990-99 %, Built 1980-89 %, Built 1970-79 %, Built 1960-69 %, Built 1950-59 %, Built 1940-49 %, Median Income %ile (US), Median Income %ile (State), Median Rent %ile (US), Median Rent %ile (State), Unemployment %ile (US), Unemployment %ile (State), Estimated Value %ile (US), Estimated Value %ile (State), Price-to-Income %ile (US), Price-to-Income %ile (State), Vacancy %ile (US), Vacancy %ile (State), Bachelor's+ %ile (US), Bachelor's+ %ile (State), Income Velocity %ile (US), Income Velocity %ile (State), Rent Burden 30%+ %ile (US), Rent Burden 30%+ %ile (State), Rent as % of Income %ile (US), Rent as % of Income %ile (State), Rent-to-Price Ratio %ile (US), Rent-to-Price Ratio %ile (State), Effective Tax Rate %ile (US), Effective Tax Rate %ile (State), Property Tax %ile (US), Property Tax %ile (State)
Source:: census.gov/programs-surveys/acs

U.S. Census Bureau — TIGER/Line Shapefiles

Public DomainGeography

Geographic boundary files for states, counties, census tracts, and ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs), used to render map boundaries and perform spatial analysis.

Data Vintage:: 2019, 2023, 2024
License:: Public domain (U.S. government work)
Source:: census.gov/geographies/mapping-files

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Public DomainHousing

Housing affordability data — Fair Market Rents (FMR) and the USPS ZIP-to-county crosswalk used to map ZIP codes to counties.

Data Vintage:: HUD Fair Market Rents FY2026
License:: Public domain (U.S. government work)
Metrics:: Price vs Annual Rent, HUD Benchmark Rent (2-bed), Rent vs HUD Benchmark
Source:: huduser.gov/portal/datasets

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) — EJScreen

Public DomainEnvironment

Environmental screening data at the census-tract level — the air-quality, traffic-exposure, and lead-paint indicators we surface.

Data Vintage:: EPA EJScreen 2024
License:: Public domain (U.S. government work; archived on Zenodo)
Metrics:: Lead Paint Risk, Traffic Exposure, Air Pollution Rank, Traffic Proximity %ile (US), Traffic Proximity %ile (State), Lead Paint Risk %ile (US), Lead Paint Risk %ile (State), Air Quality Badness %ile (US), Air Quality Badness %ile (State)
Source:: zenodo.org/records/14767363 (archived after EPA website shutdown, Feb 2025)

Note: EPA EJScreen data was last published in 2023 and may not reflect current environmental conditions. The original EPA website was shut down in February 2025; this data is preserved via Zenodo archive.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) — National Risk Index

Public DomainRisk

Comprehensive disaster risk assessment covering 18 natural hazard types, including composite risk scores and expected annual loss estimates.

Data Vintage:: FEMA National Risk Index 2025
License:: Public domain (U.S. government work)
Metrics:: FEMA Risk Score, Disaster Loss per $1,000 of Property, Wildfire Loss per $1,000, Earthquake Loss per $1,000, Hurricane Loss per $1,000, Tornado Loss per $1,000, Coastal Flood Loss per $1,000, Inland Flood Loss per $1,000, Hail Loss per $1,000, Heat Wave Loss per $1,000, Strong Wind Loss per $1,000, Biggest Natural Hazard, FEMA Risk %ile (US), FEMA Risk %ile (State), EAL per $1K %ile (US), EAL per $1K %ile (State)
Source:: hazards.fema.gov/nri/data-resources

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) — U.S. Climate Normals

Public DomainClimate

30-year (1991–2020) climate normals from NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information, matched to each area from the nearest weather station — the temperature, hot/freezing-day, precipitation, and snowfall figures we surface.

Data Vintage:: NOAA Climate Normals 1991-2020
License:: Public domain (U.S. government work)
Metrics:: Avg Temperature (°F), Summer Avg High (°F), Winter Avg Low (°F), Hot Days/yr (>90°F), Freezing Days/yr (<32°F), Annual Precipitation (in), Annual Snowfall (in), Avg Temperature %ile (US), Avg Temperature %ile (State), Summer Avg High %ile (US), Summer Avg High %ile (State), Winter Avg Low %ile (US), Winter Avg Low %ile (State), Hot Days/yr %ile (US), Hot Days/yr %ile (State), Freezing Days/yr %ile (US), Freezing Days/yr %ile (State), Annual Precipitation %ile (US), Annual Precipitation %ile (State), Annual Snowfall %ile (US), Annual Snowfall %ile (State)
Source:: ncei.noaa.gov/products/land-based-station/us-climate-normals

Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) — Housing Price Index

Public DomainHousing

Housing price appreciation data tracking repeat-sale home price changes at the county level over multiple time periods.

Data Vintage:: FHFA HPI through 2025 · FHFA HPI, 2005–2007 to 2009–2012 · FHFA HPI, 2019–2020 to 2022–2023 · Census ACS 2020–2024, re-timed to FHFA HPI 2025
License:: Public domain (U.S. government work)
Metrics:: Home Price Growth, Past Five Years, Home Price Growth, Past Year, 2008 Crash: Peak-to-Trough Drop, Pandemic Price Run-Up, Typical Home Value, Estimated Value %ile (US), Estimated Value %ile (State), HPI Growth 5yr %ile (US), HPI Growth 5yr %ile (State), Appreciation 1yr %ile (US), Appreciation 1yr %ile (State)
Source:: fhfa.gov/data/hpi

Internal Revenue Service (IRS) — Statistics of Income Migration Data

Public DomainMigration

County-to-county household movement, derived from individual tax returns matched by address between consecutive filing years. One return counts as one household. Published at county level only, so these metrics appear on counties and nowhere finer.

Data Vintage:: IRS SOI migration through 2023
License:: Public domain (U.S. government work)
Metrics:: Net Household Migration, Households Moved In, Households Moved Out, Net Migration AGI ($1000s)
Source:: irs.gov/statistics/soi-tax-stats-migration-data

Note: The IRS suppresses county pairs with too few returns to publish without identifying individual filers. Those cells are omitted rather than estimated, so gross moves in and out are slightly understated — most noticeably in sparsely populated counties, where a larger share of flows falls below the disclosure threshold.

OpenStreetMap

ODbLPoints of Interest

Points of interest and the street network, taken from Geofabrik’s US extract of OpenStreetMap and used to compute the amenity access scores: how far the nearest grocery, clinic, school, park, transit stop and everyday shop are on foot from each area’s Census centre of population, how densely its streets intersect, and what share of its businesses are independent rather than chains.

Data Vintage:: OpenStreetMap, rolling daily extract
License:: Open Database License (ODbL) 1.0
Metrics:: Amenity Proximity, Daily Needs Met, Local Character, Street Design, Healthcare Access
Source:: openstreetmap.org

Required Attribution: © OpenStreetMap contributors. Data available under the Open Database License (ODbL). See openstreetmap.org/copyright for full details.

Juniper — Derived Scores & Analytics

ProprietaryComposite Metrics

In addition to third-party data, Juniper computes proprietary scores, indices, and analytics derived from the data sources listed above. These composite metrics are the intellectual property of Juniper and are not endorsed by or affiliated with any third-party data provider.

Examples:: Amenity scores, housing market ratios, change-over-time metrics
License:: Proprietary — subject to Juniper Terms of Service

License Summary

Source	License	Attribution Required
U.S. Census Bureau (ACS, TIGER)	Public domain	No (good practice)
HUD (FMR)	Public domain	No (good practice)
EPA EJScreen	Public domain	No (good practice)
FEMA National Risk Index	Public domain	No (good practice)
NOAA Climate Normals	Public domain	No (good practice)
FHFA Housing Price Index	Public domain	No (good practice)
IRS SOI Migration Data	Public domain	No (good practice)
OpenStreetMap	ODbL 1.0	Yes (required)

Data Accuracy Disclaimer: Data is sourced from public datasets and third-party providers and is provided for informational and research purposes only. While we apply validation checks, we do not guarantee completeness, accuracy, or timeliness. Source data may include errors, omissions, reporting delays, or outdated values. See our Terms of Service for full disclaimers. The information on this platform does not constitute professional real estate, financial, investment, legal, or tax advice.